The Test Effectiveness For Breast Cancer - 2204 Words

Executive Summary Millions of women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually and their chances of survival depends on an early treatment which is only possible if the cancerous lesion is identified early. The most established tool for early detection to date is mammograms, and radiologists accuracy in reading them. Existing evidences that the use of mammograms decreases mortality rate is more sufficient, however it is still lacking for women below the age of 50 as identification of lesions in this particular group is considered to difficult. The proposed test in this paper aims to address this issue. The test will assess radiologists performance in terms of their accuracy when detecting and classifying lesions when screening mammograms of women in this particular age group. Interpretation time and its association with accuracy will also be assessed. Further analyses using the Proportional Hazard model will also be used to solidify the association between detection and time. The prop osal will also outline psychometric measures which are used to evaluate the test effectiveness in terms of its reliability and validity. A Competence Assessment of Radiologist’s Performance when Screening Mammograms Breast cancer has been identified as the leading cause of diagnosed death in women worldwide (World Cancer Research International, 2016). Statistics from Australia predicted that a total of about 16, 084 people would be diagnosed in 2016 (Understanding Breast Cancer, 2016). SuchShow MoreRelatedThe Aca Requirements For Insurers1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe ACA requirements for insurers to cover mammogram Policy background Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the US. About 40,000 women die from breast cancer each year, making it â€Å"the second leading cause of cancer death among women† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) requires insurers to â€Å"provide coverage for and shall not impose any cost sharing requirements for† preventive services which are â€Å"in theRead MorePromoting Positive Health Behaviors: Prevention Programs that Advocate for Early Cancer Screening 1379 Words   |  6 Pages With an increase in the number of annual deaths caused by cancer in the US population, there have been many efforts by numerous private and public entities to create programs aimed at prevention of certain types of cancer. Due to ineffective intervention strategies many programs struggle to produce positive outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the Every Woman Matters Program (EWM), its ineffectiveness and the reasons as to why the program was unsuccessful. I will summarize andRead MoreThe Importance Of Breast Cancer Treatment934 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer treatment depends on many factors such as the location of the cancer, the size, if it’s spread and the patient’s general health. Also, treatment currently includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted cancer drugs (Cancer Research UK, 2017a). Further, surgery includes lumpectomy which removes just the cancerous area in an attempt to keep the majority of the brea st tissue and has a much shorter recovery time and mastectomy which removes the entirety of theRead MoreThe Psychological Aspect Of Coping With Breast Cancer1567 Words   |  7 PagesMany women are affected by breast cancer, more than just physically but, psychologically as well. This study taken place in Spain, illustrates the psychological aspect of coping with an illness like breast cancer. By enforcing positive psychology in those who are affected by breast cancer, gives individuals the strength to persevere through this battle. The purpose of this study was to portray breast cancer patients apart of the group intervention, gained positivity and emotional intelligence. TheRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Health Screening Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesHealth screening according to Durojaiye, (2009) is a systematic application of a test or inquiry, to identify individuals at sufficient risk of a specific health problem to warrant further investigation of direct preventive action , among persons who have not sough t medical attention on account of symptoms of that problem. According to this definition the main aim of screening program is to detect disease or risk factor, among the general population, in order to implement earlier preventive or therapeuticRead MoreDiagnosis And Diagnosis Of Cancer1485 Words   |  6 Pagesof screening a population for cancer is to make the diagnosis early and thereby increase the cure rate.† (Tobias and Hochhauser,. Cancer and its Management, 2010 p21) Cancer is a worldwide problem that attributed to 12% of total worldwide deaths in 2000 (Symonds et al. 2012). From such a statistic, one can conclude that the issue of cancer is one that needs addressing and that diagnosis and treatment services must be readily available if the mortality rate from cancer is to fall. In the United KingdomRead MoreWhat Is The Cost Effectiveness Of Infliximab1619 Words   |  7 PagesSeven articles were finally evaluated in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. All of these papers found explaining the research question and the economic evaluation explicitly. Ron Goeree et al., studied cost-effectiveness of secukinumab 150 mg and 300 mg compared to subcutaneous biologics adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, and ustekinumab, and intravenous biologics infliximab and infliximab biosimilar in biologic-naive and biologic-experienced patients over a lifetime horizonRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1760 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Cancer Facts and Figures 2014 by the American Cancer Society, an estimated number of 232,670 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer, and about 2,360 new cases are expected in men. Breast cancer will possibly cause death to more than 40,000 female patients and 400 male patients in 2014. Excluding skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer that American women are diagnosed with. Additionally, breast cancer ranks second in the most deadly cancers among womenRead MoreThe Effects of Esophageal Cancer on the Esophagus Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesThis re port will discuss how esophageal cancer affects the esophagus. I will discuss how the cancer affects the normal operation of the esophagus, what causes esophageal cancer, how the cancer can be detected and how this cancer can be treated, I will conclude with a discussion of how common esophageal cancer is. Firstly, in hopes of understanding what esophageal cancer is, one must first understand what the esophagus is. The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting your throat to your stomach. It’sRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Breast Cancer Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancers are classified by several classifications as: - Histopathology - Grades - Stages - Receptor status. Each of these influences the prognosis and can affect treatment response. Description of a breast cancer optimally includes all of these factors: †¢ Histopathology: Breast cancer is usually classified primarily by its histological appearance. Most breast cancers are derived from the epithelium lining the ducts or lobules, and these cancers are classified as ductal or lobular carcinoma

The Rate For Youth Committing Extremely Violent Crime

Although the rate for youth committing extremely violent crimes have been low, it is still a disturbing deed that happens in Canada. Violent crimes are described by the Province of Ontario as: â€Å"...a composite measure that includes homicide, attempted homicide, assaults, sexual assaults and robbery.† (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2013). There are many different reasons why these type of crimes could occur before adulthood. Some factors that could cause this type of behaviour are: possession of a weapon, the influence of the media, and the influences of their family and friends. Firstly, when youth are in possession of a weapon, they are more likely to commit a violent crime. If a weapon is readily available and on hand†¦show more content†¦This would result because of youth males being involved in gangs. Youth believe that there is safety in numbers and it can be said that they join gangs looking for protection. â€Å"Gun violence is also more prevalent among street gangs that involve primarily young men less than 30 years of age† (Public Safety Canada, 2014). Thus, having guns readily available, either through homes, gangs or when a young person happens to come across one, can be extremely dangerous and even fatal. A way to combat this issue would be to have more gun education and more strict gun laws. It should not be easy to attain a firearm or easy to attain a license for them. Additionally, the media influences that youth witness everyday - television, movies, video games - can all desensitize young minds. â€Å"The typical American ch ild will view more than 200,000 acts of violence, including more than 16,000 murders before age 18. Television programs display 812 violent acts per hour; children s programming, particularly cartoons, displays up to 20 violent acts hourly.† (Beresin, 2015). Witnessing this kind of violence everyday can make it seem like it is a normal, everyday thing. â€Å"Certain elements of television, music videos, video games, movies, pornography, sports, and the military glorify violence and contribute to a desensitization among viewers.† (Kelly Totten, 2002, pg. 15). It makes it seem like it would be okay to commit an act of violence. The media portrays these types of scenes and

Managing China’s Float Free Essays

Managing China’s Float Why do you think the Chinese government originally pegged the value of the Yuan against the U. S. dollar? What were the benefits of doing this for China? What were the costs? Over the last decade, many foreign firms have invested in China and used their Chinese factories to produce goods for export. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing China’s Float or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the Yuan is allowed to float freely against the U. S. dollar on the foreign exchange markets and appreciates in value, how might this affect the fortunes of those enterprises? By some estimates, the decline of the dollar undervalued the Yuan by as much as 40%. That has allowed China to dramatically increase its exports, but at the same time Chinese import restrictions and other trade mechanisms made it more difficult for foreign exporters to sell their products to China. But a stronger Yuan with, and increased purchasing power, may result in an increase in Chinese firms’ investment and expansion abroad. How might a decision to let the Yuan float freely affect future foreign direct investment flows into China? If China were to abandon its peg, that could result in a slowdown in its exports. That kind of sudden shift in policy could make foreign direct investment less likely to take place in China. Currently, China is an attractive investment destination, but a stronger, and a less stable Yuan could change that. Under what circumstances might a decision to let the Yuan freely destabilize the Chinese economy? What might be the global implications of this be? Do you think the U. S. government should push the Chinese to let the Yuan float freely? Why? At this point, the Chinese have gobbled up so much of the dollar that they control the largest part of the dollar’s reserves. It is foregone that the Yuan will be the reserve currency of this century, so why not let the currency float freely and allow market forces to dictate its value? That way exports from China can be realized at a fairer value and investment can be more fairly distributed to among countries that have equally cheap labor to China and competing resources for FDI. What do you think the Chinese government should do? Let the Yuan float, maintain the peg, or change the peg in some way? I would think that the Chinese would want to stabilize the Yuan before removing the peg. Their inflation levels have been above 5% over the past two years and given the large supply of money already on hand in their financial system, they could see a dramatic devaluation. With the lessons learned from the Asian financial crises of the mid-1990s and the current U. S. bubble that recently burst, the Chinese would be wise to allow the, markets to absorb some of their dollar reserves as a means to stabilize the value of the dollar. How to cite Managing China’s Float, Papers

Princess Bebe Monologue Essay Example For Students

Princess Bebe Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Jacinto Benavente NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Plays: Second Series. Trans. John Garrett Underhill. New York: Charles Scribner\s Sons, 1919. PRINCESS HELENA: No, I am not laughing. I realize now that it was a mistake for me to throw myself upon the mercy of a man who never had any. We are banished because we live our own lives in the sincerity of our affections, because we refuse to learn hypocrisy of you and of the Princes you tolerate about your throne, and who are worthy of it, because they maintain a hollow pretense of love and respect for what nobody any longer either loves or respects. Prince Michael may remain at Court in the enjoyment of all his dignities; he will never marry an actress like Prince Stephen, because he is provided with three or four of them already; Princess Leonora may remainshe will not hear of a divorce; nothing is so convenient as a husband to cover up her antipathy to marriage; Princess Clothilda may remain, who never allowed her husband to interfere with her. They are virtuous officially, they neither shock nor jeopardize the security of the Empire! I am not built that way. You are right; I w as a fool to appeal to you and your laws, when all I had to do was to satisfy my own conscience. Could anything be more ridiculous? Why appeal to others for what we have already in ourselves? Why revolutionize the world when it is so easy to revolutionize our own consciences? From this hour forth, I give you warning; I, Princess Helena, have become a ferocious anarchist. The world, your Empire, your precious society, the whole of it, with its laws, its morality and its lieswell, you can have it, it is good enough for you; let it remain as it is; there are people who do not know how to live in any other waybut I tell you that a bomb has burst in my heart, in my life, that has blown into a thousand fragments all this world, with its laws and its lies! Let me out, Baroness. Follow me!