The Test Effectiveness For Breast Cancer - 2204 Words

Executive Summary Millions of women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually and their chances of survival depends on an early treatment which is only possible if the cancerous lesion is identified early. The most established tool for early detection to date is mammograms, and radiologists accuracy in reading them. Existing evidences that the use of mammograms decreases mortality rate is more sufficient, however it is still lacking for women below the age of 50 as identification of lesions in this particular group is considered to difficult. The proposed test in this paper aims to address this issue. The test will assess radiologists performance in terms of their accuracy when detecting and classifying lesions when screening mammograms of women in this particular age group. Interpretation time and its association with accuracy will also be assessed. Further analyses using the Proportional Hazard model will also be used to solidify the association between detection and time. The prop osal will also outline psychometric measures which are used to evaluate the test effectiveness in terms of its reliability and validity. A Competence Assessment of Radiologist’s Performance when Screening Mammograms Breast cancer has been identified as the leading cause of diagnosed death in women worldwide (World Cancer Research International, 2016). Statistics from Australia predicted that a total of about 16, 084 people would be diagnosed in 2016 (Understanding Breast Cancer, 2016). SuchShow MoreRelatedThe Aca Requirements For Insurers1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe ACA requirements for insurers to cover mammogram Policy background Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the US. About 40,000 women die from breast cancer each year, making it â€Å"the second leading cause of cancer death among women† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) requires insurers to â€Å"provide coverage for and shall not impose any cost sharing requirements for† preventive services which are â€Å"in theRead MorePromoting Positive Health Behaviors: Prevention Programs that Advocate for Early Cancer Screening 1379 Words   |  6 Pages With an increase in the number of annual deaths caused by cancer in the US population, there have been many efforts by numerous private and public entities to create programs aimed at prevention of certain types of cancer. Due to ineffective intervention strategies many programs struggle to produce positive outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the Every Woman Matters Program (EWM), its ineffectiveness and the reasons as to why the program was unsuccessful. I will summarize andRead MoreThe Importance Of Breast Cancer Treatment934 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer treatment depends on many factors such as the location of the cancer, the size, if it’s spread and the patient’s general health. Also, treatment currently includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted cancer drugs (Cancer Research UK, 2017a). Further, surgery includes lumpectomy which removes just the cancerous area in an attempt to keep the majority of the brea st tissue and has a much shorter recovery time and mastectomy which removes the entirety of theRead MoreThe Psychological Aspect Of Coping With Breast Cancer1567 Words   |  7 PagesMany women are affected by breast cancer, more than just physically but, psychologically as well. This study taken place in Spain, illustrates the psychological aspect of coping with an illness like breast cancer. By enforcing positive psychology in those who are affected by breast cancer, gives individuals the strength to persevere through this battle. The purpose of this study was to portray breast cancer patients apart of the group intervention, gained positivity and emotional intelligence. TheRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Health Screening Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesHealth screening according to Durojaiye, (2009) is a systematic application of a test or inquiry, to identify individuals at sufficient risk of a specific health problem to warrant further investigation of direct preventive action , among persons who have not sough t medical attention on account of symptoms of that problem. According to this definition the main aim of screening program is to detect disease or risk factor, among the general population, in order to implement earlier preventive or therapeuticRead MoreDiagnosis And Diagnosis Of Cancer1485 Words   |  6 Pagesof screening a population for cancer is to make the diagnosis early and thereby increase the cure rate.† (Tobias and Hochhauser,. Cancer and its Management, 2010 p21) Cancer is a worldwide problem that attributed to 12% of total worldwide deaths in 2000 (Symonds et al. 2012). From such a statistic, one can conclude that the issue of cancer is one that needs addressing and that diagnosis and treatment services must be readily available if the mortality rate from cancer is to fall. In the United KingdomRead MoreWhat Is The Cost Effectiveness Of Infliximab1619 Words   |  7 PagesSeven articles were finally evaluated in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. All of these papers found explaining the research question and the economic evaluation explicitly. Ron Goeree et al., studied cost-effectiveness of secukinumab 150 mg and 300 mg compared to subcutaneous biologics adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, and ustekinumab, and intravenous biologics infliximab and infliximab biosimilar in biologic-naive and biologic-experienced patients over a lifetime horizonRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1760 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Cancer Facts and Figures 2014 by the American Cancer Society, an estimated number of 232,670 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer, and about 2,360 new cases are expected in men. Breast cancer will possibly cause death to more than 40,000 female patients and 400 male patients in 2014. Excluding skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer that American women are diagnosed with. Additionally, breast cancer ranks second in the most deadly cancers among womenRead MoreThe Effects of Esophageal Cancer on the Esophagus Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesThis re port will discuss how esophageal cancer affects the esophagus. I will discuss how the cancer affects the normal operation of the esophagus, what causes esophageal cancer, how the cancer can be detected and how this cancer can be treated, I will conclude with a discussion of how common esophageal cancer is. Firstly, in hopes of understanding what esophageal cancer is, one must first understand what the esophagus is. The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting your throat to your stomach. It’sRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Breast Cancer Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancers are classified by several classifications as: - Histopathology - Grades - Stages - Receptor status. Each of these influences the prognosis and can affect treatment response. Description of a breast cancer optimally includes all of these factors: †¢ Histopathology: Breast cancer is usually classified primarily by its histological appearance. Most breast cancers are derived from the epithelium lining the ducts or lobules, and these cancers are classified as ductal or lobular carcinoma

The Rate For Youth Committing Extremely Violent Crime

Although the rate for youth committing extremely violent crimes have been low, it is still a disturbing deed that happens in Canada. Violent crimes are described by the Province of Ontario as: â€Å"...a composite measure that includes homicide, attempted homicide, assaults, sexual assaults and robbery.† (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2013). There are many different reasons why these type of crimes could occur before adulthood. Some factors that could cause this type of behaviour are: possession of a weapon, the influence of the media, and the influences of their family and friends. Firstly, when youth are in possession of a weapon, they are more likely to commit a violent crime. If a weapon is readily available and on hand†¦show more content†¦This would result because of youth males being involved in gangs. Youth believe that there is safety in numbers and it can be said that they join gangs looking for protection. â€Å"Gun violence is also more prevalent among street gangs that involve primarily young men less than 30 years of age† (Public Safety Canada, 2014). Thus, having guns readily available, either through homes, gangs or when a young person happens to come across one, can be extremely dangerous and even fatal. A way to combat this issue would be to have more gun education and more strict gun laws. It should not be easy to attain a firearm or easy to attain a license for them. Additionally, the media influences that youth witness everyday - television, movies, video games - can all desensitize young minds. â€Å"The typical American ch ild will view more than 200,000 acts of violence, including more than 16,000 murders before age 18. Television programs display 812 violent acts per hour; children s programming, particularly cartoons, displays up to 20 violent acts hourly.† (Beresin, 2015). Witnessing this kind of violence everyday can make it seem like it is a normal, everyday thing. â€Å"Certain elements of television, music videos, video games, movies, pornography, sports, and the military glorify violence and contribute to a desensitization among viewers.† (Kelly Totten, 2002, pg. 15). It makes it seem like it would be okay to commit an act of violence. The media portrays these types of scenes and

Managing China’s Float Free Essays

Managing China’s Float Why do you think the Chinese government originally pegged the value of the Yuan against the U. S. dollar? What were the benefits of doing this for China? What were the costs? Over the last decade, many foreign firms have invested in China and used their Chinese factories to produce goods for export. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing China’s Float or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the Yuan is allowed to float freely against the U. S. dollar on the foreign exchange markets and appreciates in value, how might this affect the fortunes of those enterprises? By some estimates, the decline of the dollar undervalued the Yuan by as much as 40%. That has allowed China to dramatically increase its exports, but at the same time Chinese import restrictions and other trade mechanisms made it more difficult for foreign exporters to sell their products to China. But a stronger Yuan with, and increased purchasing power, may result in an increase in Chinese firms’ investment and expansion abroad. How might a decision to let the Yuan float freely affect future foreign direct investment flows into China? If China were to abandon its peg, that could result in a slowdown in its exports. That kind of sudden shift in policy could make foreign direct investment less likely to take place in China. Currently, China is an attractive investment destination, but a stronger, and a less stable Yuan could change that. Under what circumstances might a decision to let the Yuan freely destabilize the Chinese economy? What might be the global implications of this be? Do you think the U. S. government should push the Chinese to let the Yuan float freely? Why? At this point, the Chinese have gobbled up so much of the dollar that they control the largest part of the dollar’s reserves. It is foregone that the Yuan will be the reserve currency of this century, so why not let the currency float freely and allow market forces to dictate its value? That way exports from China can be realized at a fairer value and investment can be more fairly distributed to among countries that have equally cheap labor to China and competing resources for FDI. What do you think the Chinese government should do? Let the Yuan float, maintain the peg, or change the peg in some way? I would think that the Chinese would want to stabilize the Yuan before removing the peg. Their inflation levels have been above 5% over the past two years and given the large supply of money already on hand in their financial system, they could see a dramatic devaluation. With the lessons learned from the Asian financial crises of the mid-1990s and the current U. S. bubble that recently burst, the Chinese would be wise to allow the, markets to absorb some of their dollar reserves as a means to stabilize the value of the dollar. How to cite Managing China’s Float, Papers

Princess Bebe Monologue Essay Example For Students

Princess Bebe Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Jacinto Benavente NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Plays: Second Series. Trans. John Garrett Underhill. New York: Charles Scribner\s Sons, 1919. PRINCESS HELENA: No, I am not laughing. I realize now that it was a mistake for me to throw myself upon the mercy of a man who never had any. We are banished because we live our own lives in the sincerity of our affections, because we refuse to learn hypocrisy of you and of the Princes you tolerate about your throne, and who are worthy of it, because they maintain a hollow pretense of love and respect for what nobody any longer either loves or respects. Prince Michael may remain at Court in the enjoyment of all his dignities; he will never marry an actress like Prince Stephen, because he is provided with three or four of them already; Princess Leonora may remainshe will not hear of a divorce; nothing is so convenient as a husband to cover up her antipathy to marriage; Princess Clothilda may remain, who never allowed her husband to interfere with her. They are virtuous officially, they neither shock nor jeopardize the security of the Empire! I am not built that way. You are right; I w as a fool to appeal to you and your laws, when all I had to do was to satisfy my own conscience. Could anything be more ridiculous? Why appeal to others for what we have already in ourselves? Why revolutionize the world when it is so easy to revolutionize our own consciences? From this hour forth, I give you warning; I, Princess Helena, have become a ferocious anarchist. The world, your Empire, your precious society, the whole of it, with its laws, its morality and its lieswell, you can have it, it is good enough for you; let it remain as it is; there are people who do not know how to live in any other waybut I tell you that a bomb has burst in my heart, in my life, that has blown into a thousand fragments all this world, with its laws and its lies! Let me out, Baroness. Follow me!

Coca Cola Company Corporate Social Responsibility

Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) entails the responsibilities that businesses have towards the societies within which they operate. Effective corporate social responsibility is associated with enhancing the value of shareholders. When a firm runs its business in a manner that accounts for social responsibility, the image and brand of the firm is highly recognized as well as respected.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coca Cola Company’ Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The recognition and respect for a firm’s brand is noted to affect the shareholders positively through adoption of a company’s products and services that is reflected by increased sales (Glann, 2009). There are various models of corporate social responsibility that guide businesses in executing their social responsibilities towards the societies within which they operate. For philanthropy model of CSR, companies are free to contribute to the social needs of the societies where they operate, but firms cannot be forced to do so. The integrative model entails a complete integration of social responsibility with a company’s mission as well as its strategy. The social web model considers firms as a citizen of the society in which it operates and thus, business should comply with the various ethical requirements and obligations that all citizens in the community face. The economic model involves limiting a company’s social responsibility to minimal economic responsibility of offering products and services, while ensuring they maximize profits within the law (Hartman Desjardins, 2011). Coca Cola Values and CSR Model Most Closely Associated With the Values Coca Cola is a company that upholds social corporate responsibility towards the community within which it operates. Coca Cola Company focuses on social responsibilities on various spheres of its operations. Coca Cola company social responsibilities values encompass social, economic, ethical as well as environmental concerns. Through the philanthropic model, the company is very committed towards the social affairs of the community. In order to cater for the social affairs of the community, Coca Cola Company provides health programs that provide health services for individuals suffering from tooth decay, diabetic and obesity. Similarly, Coca Cola Company has taken proactive approach to these health issues that are closely associated with its products and thus it finances various sport programs. In addition, Coca Cola has supplied various schools with countless fitness equipments and sports garments. Furthermore, Coca Cola has financed building and renovation of many youth centers. The Coca Cola Company does not limit its giving in United States of America only, but also extends its giving to other regions where it operates such as England, Egypt, New Zealand as well as S ingapore among other places.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company is dedicated in sponsoring sports initiatives in order to encourage people and particularly in the regions where it operates to take part in healthy lifestyle through engaging in physical exercise. Sports and exercise has been noted as essential in preventing obesity, diabetics as well as cardiac related illness that are the major causes of death in developed nations Using the economic CSR model, Coca Cola Company believes in customer satisfaction and places quality as its top most priority. Coca Cola Company produces high quality products as well as quality packaging that are guaranteed by using quality ingredients and materials as well as controlling all its process such as manufacturing, bottling and distribution. The regulation is done in order to make sure that its products and packaging m eet the company’s standards as well as address consumers’ expectations in the marketplace. The company is committed in offering high standard products both in quality as well as safety. Coca Cola has used its high quality products as its competitive advantage over its rival firms in extending its operations in order to maximize its profits. Coca Cola Company uses the integrative model of CSR in order to ensure sustainability for natural resources as well as environment. Coca Cola Company uses energy in the best possible manner to ensure sustainability as well as reduce greenhouse gases emissions. In addition, the company uses water in the best way possible to save water wastage. As its strategy for saving water, the company engages in water treatment and recycling. Coca Cola uses the social web model of CSR in order to ensure it conforms to the communities’ ethics and obligations. Coca Cola Company does not engage in unethical conducts such as corruption as well as spillage of industrial wastes in rivers. In addition, Coca Cola Company marketing department does not engage in misleading advertisements in order to lure consumers to take its products. The company believes it is its responsibility to inform its consumers about the nutrition value of its products in order to help them make informed decisions. Coca Cola Company being a U.S. multinational company is entitles to act ethically in all its dealings. The company is not allowed to participate in any bribery instances in order to get business favors. In addition, the company is entitled to include a correct label for all the ingredients that have been used to make its products. This is important in order for customers to make informed decisions when buying the company’s products (Neill, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Coca Cola Company’ Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Benefits of Coca Cola CSR Initiatives The Coca Cola Company has greatly benefited by adopting its social corporate responsibility. Coca Cola has engaged in social programs such as sponsoring social activities such as sports that are important in promoting the health of the communities concerned. Coca Cola products are classified as fast food which has high calorie content that is associated with causing obesity and diabetic. Therefore, by supporting concerned communities in sports, Coca Cola encourages these communities to embrace healthy lifestyle that is guaranteed by proper dieting and engagement in exercises. The strict regulations in the production of Coca Cola ensure that they offer very high quality products that do not endanger life of the consumers. In addition, the tendency of Coca Cola Company not to engage in unethical behaviors by not disposing its wastes products in rivers has made many people to have a positive attitude towards Coca Cola brand as we ll as its products which has eventually resulted to the success of Coca Cola Company both in United States as well as a multinational company. The Benefits and Drawbacks of the Organization’s CSR Initiatives Coca Cola corporate social responsibility initiatives have also been associated with some drawbacks. For example, the company has invested a lot of money in the development of alternative sources of energy in order to cut down on the greenhouse gases emission. In addition, the company has equally invested a lot of money in upgrading the efficiency of its water usage as well as in endeavor of sponsoring social activities. However, the company has benefited greatly in these undertakings. Examples of Ethical and unethical Advertisements Many companies are engaged in various forms of unethical conducts that ranges from bribery to the use of misinforming ads in order to gain a competitive advantage, over their rival brands. In attempt to increase its market share over its riva l brands such as Pepsi, Coca Cola Company can opt to bribe some government officials in order to be given permit to operate in certain regions. Bribery is considered as unethical that is contrary to proper operations of the United States multinational companies. The United States of America does not allow its companies to give bribes in order to be given business favors (Sandon, 2006). This has often compromised the performance of Coca Cola Company and mainly when the company expansion to certain regions has been limited by corrupt government officials who have solicited for bribes. Coca Cola Company can also engage in unethical act by using misinforming advertisements in order to lure a certain targeted group to consume their brand. For example, Coca Cola Company can use an ad like ‘a bottle of Sprite a day delays aging’ this ad can be used to lure the young people to start taking a bottle of sprite daily.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This advertisement can mainly be used to increase the sale of sprite in areas where the level of education is low. The use of misinforming ad to increase the sale of the product will help a company to realize its short term objectives for increased sales, but many people will stop consuming a company’s products when they learn they are being cheated. This will affect the performance of the company negatively in the long run. However, ethical conducts of companies will only have short term drawbacks, but they will greatly eventually greatly benefit the company through increased sales as well as recognition and respect for a company’s brand. A company like Coca Cola can inculcate ethics in its advertisement by including messages that are informative in its ads. For example, Coca Cola marketing team can use an ad with informative message like ‘For every bottle of sprite, walk for 20 minutes.’ This information is essential for healthy lifestyle as it encourage s people to exercise after taking sprite in order to burn the excess calorie contained in sprite. The model of CSR That is Most Applicable and for ABC Company The ABC which is a new manufacturing company located in the U.S.A. should take an integrative model of corporate social responsibility. This model is the best for ABC Company because it integrates the social responsibilities of the company with its c mission and strategy that enhanced their success implementation. In addition, integration of the corporate social responsibilities with a firm’s mission and strategy facilitate the assessment of their realization which is important in evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies employed to realize the set corporate social responsibilities and adjust accordingly. An example of a statement for corporate social responsibility for ABC Company includes; ‘ABC Company aspires to be the manufacturing company that leads in energy efficiency as well as environmental protecti on for the benefit of all.’ Conclusion Companies should adopt corporate social responsibility in order to promote recognition as well as adoption of their brands to enhance their performances. There are various models that are used by companies to address social responsibilities for communities concerned. Some of the CRS models that are employed by companies include: economic, philanthropy, social web and integrative model. Coca Cola Company has used the aforementioned CRS models in order to execute its social responsibility towards the community within which it operates. From the analysis of the models used by Coca Cola Company, the integrative model of CRS was identified as the best for ABC Company as it integrates the social responsibilities to the company’s mission and strategies. Reference List Glann, N. (2009). Social Responsibility: Company Management and Shareholders. Web. Hartman, L. Desjardins, J. (2011). Business Ethics. Web. Neill, M. (2009). Coca Cola Cor porate Social Responsibility. Journal of International  Business. 5, 3, pp.30-60. Sandon, A. (2006). International Company and Ethics. Web. This research paper on Coca Cola Company’ Corporate Social Responsibility was written and submitted by user Paula E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Meaning and Origin of the Surname Rodriguez

The Meaning and Origin of the Surname Rodriguez The name Rodriguez is of Spanish origin. It patronymic in nature (taken from the paternal line) and means son of Rodrigo. The ez or es added to the root signifies descendant of. The given name Rodrigo is the Spanish form of Roderick, meaning famous power or powerful ruler, which comes from the Germanic elements hrod, meaning fame and ric, meaning power. Where Do People With the Rodriguez Surname Live? Overall, Rodriguez is the 60th most common surname in the world. According to WorldNames PublicProfiler, the Rodriguez surname is extremely popular in Spain. Its most commonly found in the region of Islas Canarias, followed by Galicia, Asturias,  Castilla y Leà ³n, and Extremadura. The name is also popular in Argentina and is distributed fairly evenly throughout the country. The genealogy site Forebears ranks Rodriguez as the number one surname in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, and Uraguay. It ranks second in Argentina, Puerto Rico, and Panama and third in Spain, Peru, and Honduras. Fast Facts About the Name Rodriguez Ninth Most Common Name in America: According to the 2000 census, Rodriguez ranked the ninth most common surname in the United States, likely the first time a non-Anglo name ranked among the top 10 (at #8 the Hispanic surname Garcia also cracked the top 10).Famous People Named Rodriguez: Luis Rodriguez, contemporary poet; Michelle Rodriguez, American actress; Alex Rodriguez, New York Yankees third basemanAlternate Surname Spellings:  Rodrigue, Rodriques, Roderick, Rodiger, Rhodriquez, Rhodriguez, Rodrigues (Portuguese) Genealogy Resources for the Surname Rodriguez Contrary to what you may have heard, theres no such thing as a Rodriguez family crest or coat of arms.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals- not families- and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   To learn more about the origins of common Hispanic surnames and their meanings, a good place to start is with the information taken from the 2000 U.S. census about the 100 most common U.S. surnames and their meanings. The following is a list of other helpful resources for learning more about the Rodriguez surname: The Rodriguez DNA Project: This Y-DNA project is open to all males with the Rodriguez surname (or its variations) interested in working together to use DNA testing and traditional family history research to identify common Rodriguez ancestors.Rodriguez Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum to find others who may also be researching your ancestors, or post your own Rodriguez query.FamilySearch- Rodriguez Genealogy: Access over 12 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Rodriguez surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.Rodriquez Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers. You can also search or browse the list archives to view Rodriquez surname queries and posts going back for over a decade.DistantCousin.com- Rodriquez Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Rodriguez. The Rodriguez Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Rodriguez surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993.Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Evaluation of Beck Depression Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evaluation of Beck Depression Inventory - Essay Example The reliability and validity of the test was shown to be very strong with reliability coefficients ranging from .77 to .89 in different studies and a strong correlation with scores of other common instrument. The tool was also shown to be valuable across several settings from clinical, through counseling to research purposes and finally, the strength and weakness of the instrument were considered. The Beck Depression Inventory is a psychological test that is widely acknowledge and accepted. The test was first created by Beck and his colleagues in the 1960s; however, since then the reliability and validity of the instrument have been examined in several languages amongst several populations and the general efficiency of the test as an instrument for measuring cognitive values has been widely established. The Beck Depression Inventory comes in questionnaire form that allows for self evaluation based on a point grade system of the questions contained in the questionnaire. Arnault, Saint, Shinji Sakamoto, Aiko Moriwaki (2006) reports that a study has been carried out with a Japanese population that validated the use of the instrument, Chellappa and Arajo 2006 also reported a validation of a Portuguese version of the test among a Brazilian sample, while Carano et al. (2006) also reported a stock taking and evaluation of the Psychometric properties of the test after twenty five years carried out by Beck et al (1988) Obviously, Beck Depression Inventory has undergone serious and several tests of validity, reliability and efficiency, and in most cases, the value of the instrument in measuring depressive symptoms have been credibly established. Purpose, Design and Format of Beck Depression Inventory In the commonest cases, and perhaps, as the name of the instrument suggests; Beck Depression Inventory is an instrument that is used for taking 'inventory' of the depressive tendencies and/or depressive symptoms in a sample population. It is sometimes used in conjunction with other psychological tests to evaluate other forms of cognitive values, for instance, Zywiak et al (2006) made use of BDI as an instrument to predict negative affect relapses in men undergoing formal treatment for alcoholism. However, in most cases, Beck Depression Inventory is aimed at measuring the severity of depression in a population. The questions of the instrument are so designed as to evaluate the patients' self report of activities, moods and behaviors for signs of depression symptoms and the severity of the symptoms, if present. In this regard, the instrument contains twenty one items that focuses majorly on the cognitive symptoms of depression. Each items in the instrument is rated on a four-point Likert-type scale with scores ranging from 0 - 3. The sum of the points of all the items in the instrument indicates the BDI score of the client, which is also an indication of the presence or otherwise, and the severity of depression in the client. The total possible score of the instrument is 84. A BDI score of between 0 and 9 is regarded as lack of, or minimal depression, total BDI scores of 10 - 18 is an indication of mild depression, while a total BDI score of 19 - 29 is an indication of moderate depression, any score above 29 is an indicati

Law Enforcement and E-Government Transnational Issues Research Paper - 1

Law Enforcement and E-Government Transnational Issues - Research Paper Example Moreover, the paper will discuss the methods of government intervention while dealing with cyber threats, especially with regard to the laws that the government has set up. In addition, the paper will discuss the impacts of government regulation on national security. #1 The private industry is vital in the provision of national security, in the United States. This is because the private sector is involved in the development of advanced security systems. Companies in the private sector are engaged in the research and development of security mechanisms, as well as gadgets that help in improving the country’s security. The National Security Agencies rely on information from the private sector to develop the security mechanisms in the country. The knowledge acquired from the research conducted is used as the basis for enhancing the country’s security. In this regard, the government has an obligation to tell the private sector what they can set up and improve their cybersecu rity (Theohary, 2010). There are several ways, which the government can use in order to tell the private sector how to improve their cybersecurity. One of the ways in which the government can justify such an action is through introducing trusted internet connections, which will benefit all stakeholders in the private sector. ... Through the use of this approach, cyber threats are reduced since the government will monitor the flow of information, as well as the messages exchanged via the internet (Theohary, 2010). The government can also justify involvement in issues that relate to cybersecurity is through regulation of the information market. Market regulation plays a crucial role since it reduces the vulnerabilities, and the threats caused by market failure. The government should guide the private sector on how they should set up their cybersecurity since when the private sector is left alone to implement such provisions; competition in the market may result to poor quality services. The government should regulate how the private sector sets up cybersecurity in order to ensure that there is adherence to the set standards. Government intervention is always crucial since the private sector cannot follow standards if they are left alone to implement cybersecurity (Powner, 2010). There tends to be certain socio -political reasons and motivations, which precipitate the government to take part in cybersecurity. The most fundamental reason why the government takes part is because of the threat posed by terrorism. Since the September 11 attacks, the United States government has strived to ensure that all sectors are protected against terrorism. Terrorism is an issue of concern in the United States. The department of homeland security strives to ensure that all threats posed by terrorism are prevented. On this regard, therefore, the government intervenes in ensuring that the private sector does not become vulnerable to threats of terrorism. The other socio-political reason for the intervention of the government

Socio- economic class can affect the health of individuals discuss Essay

Socio- economic class can affect the health of individuals discuss - Essay Example These three components of socioeconomic position influence an individual’s life chances and living standards. Each of them can act as a reference point when constructing hierarchical classification of socioeconomic position. For example, people can be classified based on skill level from unskilled manual jobs to professional jobs or from low income to high income (Liu, 2011, P.258). Occupation, educational achievement and income capture critical dimensions of people’s material and social endowment, and also act as substitute for other unmeasured progressions which profiles an individual’s health. In this respect, researchers aim to capture unmeasured factors, which vary in line with these three factors when they classify individuals or households using them. The common trend is that people in higher socioeconomic groups tend to have better health and fewer disabling conditions that those in lower groups. Health inequalities are evident from the beginning of life as exemplified by gradients in birth weight, which influence cognitive and physical development (Lu and Jonsson, 2007, P.267). Social economic status (SES) is often implicated as a cause of health disparities among different groups. It can be defined as the relative position of a household or an individual in a hierarchical society, based on their access to wealth, prestige and power. SES is related to health status and captures an individual’s or groups ability to access basic resources required to achieve and maintain good health (Lu and Jonsson, 2007, P.267). There is a strong correlation between health outcomes and income, educational achievement, wealth, community environment and race or ethnicity. People with higher incomes, higher educational qualification and those who live in a healthy and safe environment have on average longer life expectancies and better health outcomes. On the other hand, those with low

Contemporary issues in health care

Contemporary issues in health care Contemporary Issues In Health Care Compare and contrast how two named health care systems deal with one specific health issues. Aim The aim of this assignment is to choose two countries, and compare and contrast how these two countries deal one specific health issue. One country has to have a good rate of the health issues and the other one has to have a bad rate of the same health issue. The two countries that this assignment chooses to about talk are the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, and the health issue that is going to be concentrated on is teenage pregnancy. This assignment will focus on comparing how both countries are tackling teenage pregnancy, the assignment will also talk about the amount of money both countries spend on sex education, also if teenage pregnancy has always been a problem, if both countries raise effective awareness on conceptions and etc, furthermore this essay will discuss about why teenage pregnancy is good in Holland and why the rates of teenage pregnancy keeps on going up in the United Kingdom. Introduction The reason why this topic is being explored is because the United Kingdom always seems to have a high rate in teenage pregnancy in Europe, and in countries like Netherlands teenage pregnancy always seems to be low. Therefore it will be good to compare these two countries and see why one country has a good rate of teenage pregnancy and why the other one has a terrible rate of teenage pregnancy, this can help understand where the united kingdom is going wrong for them to be always having a high rate in teenage pregnancy, and maybe they can see what the Netherlander do to prevent having such high rates of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy is a contemporary health issue because the cost of teenage pregnancy is shocking. Teenagers who end up getting pregnant are less likely to complete secondary school, they are also less likely to get married, and also they normally end up going on benefits, when their children are born they dont really have a good health, their cognitive development is normally slow, and they always tend to have behavioural problems. Being a teenage parent sometimes comes with its own consequences such experiencing mental health problems, sometimes if the teenage mother is not getting any support from family and friends, they feel isolated and they always tend to find it hard to cope, so they start getting stressed out, having a low self esteem, feeling anxiety and depressed which can lead to mental health. Teenage mothers that end up getting pregnant always tend to come from a lower working class, and living in deprived areas, and they always tend to have their second child quickly, this causes more stress on their well being, because they might be struggling with finance. Main body The United Kingdom has one of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy across Europe, and whereas the Netherlands have one of the lowest teenage pregnancy rate. The reasons why the Netherland have such a low rate of teenage pregnancy could be because they are more opened to talk about sex with their children then parents and schools in the United Kingdom. The Netherland have a low rate of teenage pregnancy because they do sex education in schools, and parents normally have open talk sex with children, and adverts on televisions on how to prevent getting pregnant. The United Kingdom and the Netherlanders sex education are similar, but there are also differences between the two countries on how and what they teach about sex education. The reason why the Netherlands sex education is more effective than the United Kingdoms one is that, the Netherlander tell there children how to protect themselves from STIs and unwanted pregnancy and how to avoid risky sexual behaviour, and when and how to use contraceptives. Whereas in the United Kingdom instead of teaching teenagers how to protect themselves from sexually transmitted infections and how to prevent pregnancy, they promote more on how they should not be having sex. Sex education in the UK is called (PSHE) and in Netherland they call it (CARE). (Hardy, J.B. and Zabin L.S. 1991) believe that sex education is less controversial in the Netherlands, mainly at political level, and there society is more open when it comes to issues about sex, but people sometimes tend to mistake their openness for permissiveness. Studies believe that there is a political opposition to sex education from the smaller Christian parties in Netherlands; Politicians have the tendency to pass the issue over to professional sex educators, whereas in the United Kingdom the politics of sex education have been unfavourable, with major discussions about taking place over legislation passed in 1986, 1988, and 2000. Some politicians and families believe that sex education in schools is too explicit and it promotes homosexuality, and doing sex education in schools causes teenage pregnancy rather than prevent it. This can be argued that having sex education in school does not promote or encourage teenagers to get pregnant, because by having sex education in school, teachers are informing teens how to avoid risky sexual behaviour and they are also teaching them how to use contraceptives correctly, and also by teaching them about sex they will know how to protect themselves, also they will be aware of the consequences of having one or more children at a young age. Teenagers who get pregnant at an early age tend to come from poorer backgrounds and from areas that are high with unemployment rates, daughters of teenager mothers, which always ends up being a vicious circle, and also young people that are in care. Being under age and pregnant cost the British government  £166,000 to raise a child until they reach their 21st birthday. 90 per cent of teenage mothers rely on benefits in order for them to survive. The British public fund course that cost around  £100,000 that allows young teenage mothers as young as 14 to take these courses, this course is about helping them to be writing things up like CV, and teaching them the dangers of smoking whilst pregnant, and by them attending these courses they get paid  £30 a week, and if they finish the 16 week course without missing any lessons they get  £100 bonus. This could be argued that all the money that they are spending on these young mothers to do these courses could go towards trying to reduce the rate of teenage pregnancy. The British government are working towards their target of reducing the rate of teenage pregnancy by 2010. Their aim is to make sex education compulsory in all schools both in primary and secondary schools like in Netherlands, and to be going more in details about sex education, this will include teachers talking about contraception and relationship issues. The British government seems to be following the Netherlands footsteps in the way they approach sex education, with openness about sex from a younger age. The reason why the British government wants to follow the Netherlands approach is because the Dutch children get taught about relationships from an early age, so they get comfortable as time goes by with talking about sex and contraception, so by the time that they are ready to be having sexual intercourse with the opposite they will know how to use contraception in order to avoid pregnancy and STIs, and this will have a good impact on the country, because they will be a low rate of teenage pregnancy, so if the British government following these approaches, it could work for them also by having a low rate of teenage pregnancy across Europe. Although this kind of approach could be argue that it is encouraging young people to have sex, but statistics in Netherlands stated that there are fewer teenage pregnancies and the age that most young people in Netherland first have sex is higher than in most other developed countries. Another way the British government is trying to tackle with teenage pregnancy is adverting young people to be responsible about sex and contraception on televisions, radios, internets and billboards. These kinds of promotions can be a good thing, because some young people might feel comfortable to be talking about sex amongst their peers, and these advertisements may even encourage some teenagers to talk about sex issues with their parents. Even though some people might argue that advertising sex and contraception will not solve teenage pregnancy, but it can be argued that it will not make the situation any worse, and these advertisements could be a break through towards teenage pregnancy, because some young people might think about their actions and use contraception more sensibly, because they have a knowledge of what the consequences are of not using contraception can lead to. As we already know the United Kingdom has one of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy across Europe. Figures have shown that during 1996 there were 44,000 that gave birth below the age of 20, which signified around 7 per cent of all births in Britain. The birth rate was 29.8 per 1000 women aged 15 to 19 years, compare with 65.5 per 1000 for women aged 20-24 years. This could be argued That in order to reduce such figures government should concentrate more on sex education in schools. Teenage pregnancy in Britain is usually identified as a problem for society, According to (Peckham, S.1993) stated that reports of medical, financial and social problems for mothers and children following teenage pregnancy, is linked with sex and education, and suggest how they should both be improved. teenage pregnancy rates in the Netherlands have always being low due to the high quality, explicit and early sex education in both primary and secondary schools. (Dr Loon 2003) believes that sex education in the Netherlands starts at younger age then The UK, its also more explicit, he also stated that the Netherlands are more Independent than the United Kingdom and parents and the government in the Netherlands have more power over what is being taught at school and also their Influence of church helps a lot. This can be argued that there is a huge difference in A way both countries approach sex education overall. The awareness of teenage pregnancy is more effective in the Netherlands, than the United Kingdom, because they start talking to children about sex at the age of 11, parents talk to the children about as well, so from a young age they know about sex, and they know what they consequences are of having sex are, and even if they are ready to be having sexual intercourse they know how to protect themselves from getting pregnant and STIs because they have being teaching them how to use contraception from schools, parents and media. Whereas the message is not really effective in the United Kingdom, even though the kind of messages that both countries is kind of similar, but one is more out there than the other, that why works more. The UK provide the correct information about the risks associated with sexual activity the also talk about contraception and birth control, and how to avoid Intercourse, they also focus on reducing specific risky behaviours. They dont really promote safe sex on televisions as much as the Netherlands does, or start sex education at an early age. But recently the UK has started advertising safe sex on televisions and radios. Research have shown that about 93 per of young people in the Netherlands use contraception, whereas in the UK 53 per cent of young people use contraception. This could be because in Netherland they give out the message more about safe sex in schools, homes, and media than in Britain. Studies shown that teenagers in both countries found that boys and girls in the Netherlands gave love to each other, as one of the main reasons of losing their virginity, and boys in the UK do it because they are getting peer pressure. Teenagers in the Netherlands are obviously doing it for the right reason and they are having sexual intercourse they probably feel they are ready, but they are being responsible by taking the percussions needed, because adults like teachers and parents have being telling them about safe sex from an early age, and they understand the consequences of what will happen if they dont take the right percussions needed. And some teenagers in Britain dont know or understand the consequences of safe sex, because they dont talk about sex at home, and at school the message that they send the most in sex education is dont have sex, and obliviously by telling young people not to have sex, they are more likely to do it, so its better off telling them what percussions to take when they feel like they need to starts having sexual intercourse with opposite sex. Conclusion In conclusion this essay has found out why The United Kingdom has a bad rate of teenage pregnancy and why the Netherlands have a good rate of teenage pregnancy. They reason why the UK has a bad rate of teenage pregnancy, its because they dont really talk about sex and contraction, you see they dont feel comfortable talking to their children and student about sex and contraception, so in order for them not to talk about it they just tell the young people not to have sex, instead of telling them about it and how to use contractions and where to go and get it from. They just promote by telling them they are not allow to have sex, whereas in the Netherlands they are more open about telling their children about sex and contraception, and also there children are taught sex education at an early age, unlike in the United Kingdom. The UK is working towards halving the teenage pregnancy rate by 2010, by following the approaches that the Netherlands use, by starting sex education at an early age, obliviously at age that they feel is right for the children, talking about sex and using contraception more, than promoting young people not to be having sex, also promoting using contraceptions on television, radios, internet, and on billboards. By doing is it can eventually make a change towards teenage pregnancy rate in the United Kingdom. References Fullerton, D. Dickson, R. Eastwood, A.J. and Sheldon T.A (1997) Preventing Unintended teenage pregnancies and reducing there adverse effects. [Online] Vol 6 (2) Page 102 108, Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1055461/ (Accessed on 4th December 2009) Jewell, D. Tacchi, J. and Donovan, J. (2000) Teenage Pregnancy: Whose Problem is it? [Online] Vol 17 (6) Page 522 528: Available from http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/17/6/522 (Accessed on 4th December 2009) Lawlor, D.A and Shaw, M. (2004) Teenage Pregnancy Rates: high compare with where and when? [Online], Vol. 97 (3) Page 121 123. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079321/ (Accessed 1st December 2009) Lewis, J. and Knijn, T. (2001) A comparison of English and Dutch sex Education in the classroom. [Online], Vol 19 (4) Available from http://www.sheu.org.uk/publications/eh/eh194jl.pdf (Accessed on 2nd December 2009) Panchaud, C., Singh, S., Feivelson, D. and Darroch J.E. (2000) Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Adolescents in Developed Countries. [Online], Vol 32 (1) Available from: http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3202400.html (Accessed on 2nd December 2009) Peckham, S. (1993) Preventing unintended teenage pregnancies [Online] Vol 107 (2) Pages 125 133: Available from: http://apps.isiknowledge.com/InboundService.do? (Accessed on 4th December 2009) http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/healthandwellbeing/teenagepregnancy/about/strategy/ (Accessed on 1st December 2009) Cornell, A. and Betty P (2001) why teenage pregnancy rates in the Netherlands are so much lower than in the UK, Whitto: Family Education Trust. Available from: http://www.famyouth.org.uk/pdfs/LDM.pdf (Accessed on 1st December 2009) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/04/99/teen_pregnancy/319869.stm (Accessed on 2nd December 2009)

Language Differences in America Essay -- Essays Papers

Language Differences in America America is a country of immigrants. Lots of people from other countries are coming here each year. Most of these people don’t know the language, so they face a lot of difficulties at first. Even after they’ve been in the country for quite a while they still have an accent and sometimes their grammar usage is not perfect. Often people, who were born and raised in the United States, cannot understand what people with different dialect or accent are saying, so that creates problems and uncomfortable situations for the immigrants. Sometimes people with an accent would be treated differently, as if they were not as intelligent or as smart as others. I am foreign myself and I can tell from my personal experience that it is really hard to start a new life in another country. Amy Tan in her â€Å"Mother Tongue† describes an example of the situation like this, when Amy Tan’s mother’s CAT scan results were lost and hospital would not apologize to her. All of this was because of Amy’s mother’s dialect, but when Amy, who speaks a perfect English, herself talked to the hospital â€Å" lo and behold – we had assurances the CAT scan would be found, promises that a conference call on Monday would be held, and apologies for any suffering my mother had gone through for a most regrettable mistake.† Sometimes it is necessary for the people to understand that person, who has a dialect or an accent, is not that much different from them and that person has to be treated equally, as well as someone without an accent. Different people come to America; they have different traditions, religion, lifestyles, and lots of other things, but all of them are trying to start a new life, because the one they had in the ... ...elf in the other persons place.† I think that she is right and we should have respect for each other and accent should not become a barrier for the communication. I agree with Thomas Bray that, â€Å"one becomes American by buying into a set of ideas honed by long — and often bitter — experience about what works and doesn’t work† but he also says that all of us need to assimilate to one culture and one standard, and personally I think it is not right and it can not happen, because if you are an immigrant, you cannot just ignore your whole past, but what would be better is to bring something special, bright and exciting from your past, and leave all the bad things behind. In this case both, the American society and you, would win. And our society has to help people do that, and it should not think of the people, who come here, as of unworthy their attention and respect.